The Cumbre Vieja volcano on La Palma erupted from the 19th September to the 13th December 2021. The population is also aging but at the same time, the number of children and youths in the region has decreased while the number of young adults has increased. 2), and their associated fissure systems, have the highest eruption frequency and greatest volcanic productivity in Iceland (Thordarson and Larsen, 2007). Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull Volcano burst into life for the first time in 190 years on March 20, 2010. The reasons for not evacuating were due to caring for others or thinking the warnings were not applicable. All respondents were impacted by ash fall, just over a quarter (26%) were impacted by lahars and 20% were impacted by jkulhlaup. (). And we could see. Because of this, officials have faith that residents will comply with evacuation orders when given, as they did during the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. In: Rodrguez H, Quarantelli EL, Dynes RR (eds) Handbook of disaster research. The Montserrat volcano eruption took place in February. But I would not be afraid. further research into the effect on the ash on aircraft . Even where compliance did not occur, residents showed respect for authority and the jobs they were undertaking, despite the errors and confusion. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/phases-disaster-recovery-emergency-response-long-term. If a volcanic eruption happens again, they will have better control over the entire air space. As volcanic ash fallout is predicted to reach ground level following the eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano in Iceland, scientists from the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology have responded rapidly to increase sampling rates of air quality, soils and vegetation at its long-term monitoring sites across the UK. To reopen airspace, European aviation authorities endorsed the creation of a new type of concentration chart advisory product that delineated hazard zones based on dispersion model output of ash concentrations. Long-term responses . Eruption 2010: Nature of event:: Eyjafjallajokull (E15) is an ice-covered stratovolcano South-East of Iceland. While the nature of the 2016 project prevented a more broad survey, as that conducted in 2010, it provided an excellent opportunity to exchange and discuss valuable information with authorities in regards to developments in volcanic emergency response strategies on the back of learnings from the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions and our survey data. As a result, 2016 recorded the highest number of people employed in tourism. This is particularly pertinent among those that have immigrated from abroad. Despite this, the results presented here show not all residents evacuated in 2010 (~47% of our respondents). Aggregated migration data is presented for South Iceland from 19862016 (i.e., the time period available from Statistics Iceland). As with the semi-structured interviews conducted in 2010, the 2016 open interviews were audio recorded with consent and transcribed by the authors. Accessed 22 September 2018, Weinstein ND (1987) Unrealistic optimism about susceptibility to health problems: conclusions from a community-wide sample. Some questions regarding Katla were retained because the Katla hazard zones cover the same communities impacted by the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. Sci. . These include individual-level indicators and event-orientated variables (Dash and Gladwin, 2007) such as their perception of the ensuing event, the perceived safety of their home relative to the threat, timing of evacuation (e.g., are the roads already congested with traffic, are all household members accounted for) and past experiences (Drabek, 1986, Gladwin et al., 2001, Mileti and Peek, 2000, Paton et al., 2001, Sorensen and Sorensen, 2007, Tierney et al., 2001). It was an enormously costly "one-size-fits-all". Long term effects Areas of farmland covered in ash or washed away Rep. 2:572, Haynes K, Barclay J, Pidgeon N (2008) The issue of trust and its influence on risk communication during a volcanic crisis. On 20th March 2010, Eyjafjallajkull burst into life after nearly 190 years of inactivity. The results section is presented under the three subsections: 2010 Eyjafjallajkull survey, 2016 interviews and the changing demographics of South Iceland. Int J Manag Decis Mak 10:164175, Bird DK, Gsladttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2009b) Resident perception of volcanic hazards and evacuation procedures. For example, many noted that Heimaland was a poor choice as they believe it is vulnerable to jkulhlaup emanating from Eyjafjallajkull because it is so low in the landscape and it is built in the old river bed of Markarfljt (V-E). 27% of respondents reported receiving news of the summit eruption from DCPEM/police. And she said Youre supposed to evacuate! But we didnt evacuate because we got no further information. While this is a limitation of the present study, we do not believe it detracts from the overall results. The eruption of Eyjafjallajkull Composite map of the volcanic ash cloud spanning 20 March 2010. Risk Anal 32:616632, Mileti D, Nathe S, Gori P, Greene M, Lemersal E (2004) Public hazards communication and education: the state of the art. But an eruption does not worry us. Cite this article. Nevertheless, as Brint (2001; p. 9) highlights, a sense of security in the face of disliked others is deeply characteristic of communal relations. The calls are increasing. It is apparent that this trust has stemmed from open, regular and transparent communication well before and throughout the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. 4). Sometimes beginning with an . The long-term impact proved to be just as catastrophic, as the community never recovered from the lahars that engulfed it. Palgrave Commun 4, 151 (2018). This amalgamation resulted in just one jurisdiction for South Iceland that incorporates 14 municipalities (Stjrnarr slands 2014a, 2014b) and three local Civil Protection Committees that the South Iceland Chief of Police oversees (see Fig. This is the ninth video for the AQA GCSE 9-1 Geography course, and the ninth video of the Cha. The central volcanoes along the off-rift volcanic zones in Iceland were the source of at least 19 eruptions of dominant alkali rhyolitic composition, with three distinct episodes recorded at 4.6 . Other aspects of the 2010 survey have been published elsewhere (Bird and Gsladttir, 2012, Bird and Gsladttir, 2014, Bird et al., 2018). But foremost you felt powerlessness, tranquillity, and respect towards nature (V-E). Another noteworthy change in the population structure of the South region is the increase in migration. Respondents comments to corresponding open questions and during the interviews highlighted the importance of secondary sources of information as a means for residents to confirm the first source of news to evacuate. I found the place that people from Eyjafjll were supposed to evacuate to not safe [Heimaland]. Eyjafjallajkull is a 500m long fissure volcano , that erupts basalt. Global cooling caused by the ash. Physical Geography Case Study. Worst volcanic eruption in Japan for 90 years. It would have therefore been more logical to practice it under the new police jurisdiction once it had been created (RT). Researching disaster risk is therefore an ongoing challenge requiring a continual process of generating understanding of the changing environmental and societal characteristics that influence disaster vulnerability. A little over half the respondents indicated they evacuated during the flank (56% A-E; 56% V-E) and summit (54% A-E; 47% V-E) eruptions. That is of course how and why Iceland is settled, in general, after all, you just deal with the avalanches, you just deal with the everything, the cold winters, eruptions, because the good sides are so many, so you have to compromise (A-E). From crops to houses!! Never in my whole life have I been in such darkness. Predominantly short term- examples (Management) 2 / 9. People feeling that they didnt get enough information. To ensure this trust is maintained, officials must continually engage and work with the population of South Iceland as the regions demographic, economic and political landscape changes. Find out why 150km2 of reforestation projects destroyed. Created by. Since then, the industry has flourished resulting in a rapid increase in employment numbers particularly since 2012corroborating the statements from officials in 2016. Exact figures on how many people were supposed to evacuate during both phases of the eruption are not available. Overall, residents believed they coped rather well with the eruptions (Table 3). People talked about the possibility of Eyjafjallajkull [erupting], and we were light-hearted about it you know, saying wow, it can erupt. Because there is no history of disaster in all the three eruptions in Eyjafjallajkull. Learn. These communities were targeted due to their exposure to volcanic hazards during the 2010 eruptions/their locations in relation to Katlas jkulhlaup hazard zones (for details on the hazard zones, see Bird et al., 2011). -Rescue coordinators- well equipped for event and knowledgable. Immediate responses Long term responses Aid agencies gave bedding, equipment to provide clean water for drinking and sanitation, blankets, tents, food, and cooking utensils to refugees. The 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano had a huge impact on air travel, changing the assessment of risk by the aviation sector and catalyzing new lines of scientific investigation. With respect to the latter, we draw similar data (i.e., from Bird et al., 2011) obtained prior to the eruptions to compare against post-event perceptions. The first of these events began on 20 March 2010 and consisted of a 24-day long flank eruption at Fimmvruhls (Fig. Nat Hazards Rev 8:6977, Drabek TE (1986) Human system responses to disaster: an inventory of sociological findings. However, rather than just focusing information on the risk itself it is essential to communicate actionable risk, i.e., what actions people need to take with respect to reducing their personal risk (Drabek, 1999, Mileti et al., 2004, Wood et al., 2012). Available: http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Samfelag/Samfelag__vinnumarkadur__3_arstolur/VIN01111.px. Namely, it appears that residents believe they, their families and the DCPEM are better prepared for a Katla eruption based on the Eyjafjallajkull experience (Fig. They didnt know where it was erupting and therefore it was necessary (A-E). Eldfell after my visit to Eldheimar. a near-term response (Arsenal Match Highlights Today, Minnesota . Coupled with the changing social characteristics, this paper provides a unique perspective of how residents may behave when faced with future evacuation orders. The survey implemented in 2010 incorporated 15 semi-structured interviews with officials, rescue team members and residents alongside a questionnaire disseminated to households living within the hazard zones of the Eyjafjallajkull and Katla volcanoes (see Fig. In: Taylor A, Carson D, Ensign P, Huskey L, Rasmussen R (eds) Settlements at the edge: remote human settlements in developed nations. That would scare us much more. Joseph Henry Press, Washington, D.C. Tversky A, Kahneman D (1973) Availability: a heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Importantly, there is greater trust in those responsible for public safety, i.e., local police and the DCPEM. We still have the sweeper system it is difficult to depend only on the mobile phones so we still have the sweeper system (O). They could put more effort in it. The decision to omit Skgar was based on the fact that it is located further from the eruption site than other communities in Austur- Eyjafjll and it is not situated in a jkulhlaup hazard zone for an Eyjafjallajkull or Katla eruption. Solid red vertical line indicates timing of Icelands financial crash in 2008. Given the complexities of risks associated with volcanic hazards in Icelande.g., jkulhlaups, lightning, poisonous gases, as well as ash fallit is critical that these are clearly communicated with sufficient detail to avoid confusion among new residents. Farming has traditionally been the main livelihood in Icelands South region. However, the changing social landscape will test this phenomenon. 5 which shows residents have much more trust in information from local police in 2010 than respondents did in 2008. All interviewees and respondents are graciously thanked for their willingness to participate in this study. Publishers note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Given the immediate need for evacuation, particularly for a catastrophic Katla eruption, these perspectives provide a critical viewpoint of how and why people behave the way they do when faced with a volcanic crisis. J Geodyn 43:118152, orkelsson B (2012) The 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruption, Iceland. More specifically: Households in Vestur-Eyjafjll were required to evacuate due to jkulhlaup hazard during the flank and summit eruptions in Eyjafjallajkull. The IVATF finished its work in June 2012, and a record of its results is available. Together, these eruptions caused considerable damage and ongoing challenges to local residents (Bird and Gsladttir, 2012). In some instances, the sweepers provide the only link between emergency management officials and the community (Bird et al., 2009b), further bolstering the work of the rescue teams at the local level. Yet, while eruptions are spectacular to watch, they can cause disastrous loss of life and property, especially in densely populated regions of the world. The research also highlights the importance of local residents knowing and sharing their stories and experiences with their neighbours. Residents trust in these officials has also evolved from officials listening to and developing strategies to meet the needs of the community. Officials had, however, explained the need for a broad evacuation order even for areas that are safe from jkulhlaup hazards. lftaver lies within the eastern jkulhlaup hazard zone for a Katla eruption and was the first community to be blanketed by ash fall during the Eyjafjallajkull summit eruption. On Friday, March 19, at around 8:45 p.m. local time, molten rock breached the surface in a valley near a flat-topped mountain named Fagradalsfjall, in the region of Geldingadalur, six miles from the nearest town. Authorities now have the ability to push emergency notifications out to all mobile phones within a designated area of telecommunication towers (pers. The eruption was relatively small but its impact was massive. Risk Anal 32:601615. Exact figures on how many people evacuated during both phases are also not available. Nearly all flights in Europe and across the Atlantic Ocean were suspended for almost a week, as ash from the eruption of the volcano threatened flight safety. Concern was also raised with respect to the lack of knowledge and interest among young Icelanders, with one of the residents stating that more emphasis should be placed on teaching the geography and geology of Iceland to primary school through to college students. 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